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              <text>Nathan Burns</text>
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                <text>Article "First Black Students Enrolled in University in late '60s"</text>
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                <text>Corey, Kendra</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>1999-10-28</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>In this article, guest writer Kendra Corey recounts the history of integration at the University of Richmond in the late 1960s after the Supreme Court decision in &lt;em&gt;Brown v. Board of Education&lt;/em&gt;, as well as detailing some of the experiences and sentiments of the first black students to attend the University and live on campus. Compared to other universities in the United States and in the South particularly, the University of Richmond is considered by this writer to be late in its integration process. In an interview in April of 1999, Richmond College Dean Richard Mateer asserts that there were no riots or violent outbreaks in response to integration like on other college campuses. However, Corey remarks that at the time of integration and the arrival of black students such as Barry Greene, who is notably the first black student to live on campus, there were no black student organizations or black fraternities at the University of Richmond. In 1971, the University newspaper &lt;em&gt;The Collegian&lt;/em&gt; writes that, “Each black interviewed indicated that his first year in Richmond was one of the hardest in his life”. According to Corey, the black student population (mostly the amount of black male athletes) increased greatly with the initiation of the CIGNA scholar program.</text>
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                <text>Brown v. Board</text>
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                <text>Corey, Kendra. "First Black Students Enrolled in University in late '60s." &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 86, no. 9, (October 28, 1999): 5. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19991028.2.21&amp;amp;srpos=12&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19991028.2.21&amp;amp;srpos=12&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Destiny Riley</text>
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                <text>Article "Integration Topic Of Meeting of FTA"</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va).</text>
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                <text>At a Future Teachers of America Club meeting in March of 1956, the members discussed how integration would affect teachers. Mrs. Zada D. Carver, senior counselor and sponsor of the FTA Club at John Marshall High School, and Dr. Spencer D. Albright, professor of political science at Richmond College, were the two guest speakers. Constitutional aspects of integration were discussed, as well as teachers&amp;rsquo; attitudes towards integration. Both Carver and Albright stressed that integration should not be rushed, but that it can be worked out in time.</text>
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                <text>Brown v. Board</text>
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                <text>"Integration Topic Of Meeting of FTA." &lt;em&gt;The Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; XLII no. 6, (March 23, 1956): 1. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19560323.2.5&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="&amp;quot;_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19560323.2.5&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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              <text>Destiny Riley</text>
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                <text>Article "Chance to Catch Up"</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>1965-11-12</text>
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                <text>In this article, the author discusses how "Negroes are being given an opportunity for public education" in Prince Edwards County, Virginia for the first time in years. According to a study by Jean Seymour, the director of religious activities for Westhampton College, many Black students had low skills or were illiterate because they did not have the same access to privately-financed schools as white students when the county chose to close public schools instead of integrate. Due to the county's rental fees for books and lack of compulsory attendance laws, many Black students did not or were not able to attend school. An individual familiar with the county and the University made an appeal to religious organizations to discuss these issues at their meetings and to contribute money to alleviate the issues. Everyone interested in donated to this "struggle...for civil rights" was encouraged to speak to Mr. Fred Gibson in the Religion Department in Ryland Hall or Miss Seymour in North Court.</text>
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                <text>Brown v. Board</text>
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                <text>School integration--Massive resistance movement</text>
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                <text>&amp;ldquo;Chance to Catch Up.&amp;rdquo; &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; LIII, no. 9, (November 12, 1965): 1. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19651112.2.11&amp;amp;srpos=21&amp;amp;e=01-11-1964-01-11-1969-196-en-20--21--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19651112.2.11&amp;amp;srpos=21&amp;amp;e=01-11-1964-01-11-1969-196-en-20--21--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)"</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>This document is a report entitled "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report was attached to a letter from David F. Cavers, Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, to William T. Muse, Dean of the T. C. Williams School of Law, and Cavers asked Muse for any comments and criticisms in regards to the report. The Special Committee met with member schools after the Brown v. Board of Education decision to discuss their anti-discrimination policy; all but one member school attended, which may be in reference to Homer A. Holt’s memorandum sent on September 8, 1955. On the encouraging side, one major private institution in the South decided to admit black students into its law program and there were two state universities that were likely to do the same; in addition, faculties and student bodies at law schools seemed ready to welcome black students. However, the public was becoming increasingly resistant to integration, private institutions were worried that financial contributions would decrease if they admitted black students, some believed the Association’s intervention would be ineffective. The report included a draft proposal that detailed the proposed amendment, consequences for members who did not follow the new policy, and resolutions.</text>
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                <text>Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption), 8 Sept 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "B. S. U. Resolution of Purpose on the Issue of Racial Discrimination"</text>
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                <text>This document is a report, "B. S. U. Resolution of Purpose on the Issue of Racial Discrimination," created by the Baptist Student Union (BSU); there are copies of the resolution’s revisions. The first page was ripped and taped back together; it stated the current university policy towards black people—"A negro may be permitted on campus as a laborer or maid or in a capacity of this sort…Under no circumstances can a negro take part in social activities on this campus"—and criticized the policy for not being consistent with Christian beliefs. In the first copy of the resolution, they pledged that they would "eliminate segregation of races, and to alleviate the appalling conditions resulting from it," "renew our spiritual dedication to our Lord, Jesus Christ, and show forth his renewal of spirit in our personal relationship to others, regardless of race or color," "call upon dedicated Christians everywhere to join with us in prayer and concentrated effort for the betterment of race relations," send a copy of the resolution to the President and Board of Trustees, publish the resolution in the Baptist Student magazine and &lt;em&gt;Religious Herald&lt;/em&gt;, and keep a copy on file in the permanent record of the university’s Baptist Student Union. In the second copy from 1958, they offered the same resolutions and added that a copy of the resolution would be sent to the State retreat "in support of a similar resolution to be brought before the business session of the retreat." The retreat resolution was included in this document; it acknowledged that racial discrimination exists in American society and that such discrimination does not align with Christian beliefs but many leaders do not know students’ opinions on discrimination. At the retreat, they resolved that "Churches increase their efforts toward teaching brotherly love," "Baptist Assembly Grounds admit all, regardless of race," "all colleges and universities…accept students without regard to race," and "all Christians, especially those in positions of church leadership, be allowed to voice their opinions on racial discrimination." Three newspaper clippings—"Baptist Student Union Plea For UR Integration Disclosed," "Student Plea Linked to Integration Act," "Students Commend Baptist Groups"—were included with these documents; these articles were about the BSU’s resolution and its impact.</text>
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                <text>Brown v. Board</text>
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                <text>College integration</text>
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                <text>UA6.2.4.29.13-1958.pdf</text>
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                <text>Report of B. S. U. Resolution of Purpose on the Issue of Racial Discrimination, 1958, RG 6.2.4 box 29 folder 13, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School"</text>
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                <text>Ribble, F. D. G.</text>
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                <text>This document, "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School," was attached to the end of "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955." In this document, Ribble acknowledged that the Committee’s proposal was "excellent" but that the Association should "postpone the use of [its power of expulsion]." At non-complying schools, there was strong opposition to compliance from the public; if a court ordered desegregation, he wrote, then the "bitter and punishing opposition" may decrease or disappear. Non-complying schools would integrate if they could. Expulsion from the Association would be detrimental to the professors at non-compliant institutions. In addition, he wanted to wait until the incoming President of the Association of American Law Schools took his position since he was from the University of North Carolina and was more familiar with the problems facing non-complying schools.</text>
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                <text>Brown v. Board</text>
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                <text>Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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  <item itemId="1935" public="1" featured="1">
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          <name>Student Contributor</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="30792">
              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955"</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>This document is a report titled "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report outlined the Association’s new policies on equal opportunity in legal education and the consequences member schools may face if they did not comply. At the Association’s 1950 meeting, it resolved that it "‘opposes the continued maintenance of segregation or discrimination in legal education on racial grounds, and asserts its belief that it is the professional duty of all member schools to abolish any such practices at the earliest possible time.’" This report was the result of that resolution. At the time of its publication, "sixteen member schools have not yet admitted Negro students or announced a readiness to admit them," which the Association found "disappointing" especially considering the Association’s adoption of an amendment to its Articles of Association and Brown v. Board of Education. The Association’s amendment stated that one of its objectives was "‘Equality of opportunity in legal education without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race or color.’" After Brown v. Board, only a few schools had desegregated; the Association’s Special Committee was doubtful that integration would occur "‘if the Association engages only in exhortation and watchful waiting, and the need for action of a more positive character by the Association will therefore have to be considered.’"&lt;p&gt;In the report, the Association made it clear that continued membership in the Association was contingent on compliance with the new objective. The Association also acknowledged that "Law and its procedures have been used in countless ways as the instrumentalities of discrimination" but "our law has become an agency of emancipation and correction." The report claimed that segregation in law schools is ironic because now "it is the law that is being invoked to end segregation in education." Opponents to the Association’s sanctions argued that the Association "may encourage, but should not require, conformity with the ideals of a majority of its members." They also addressed other oppositional viewpoints, such as public institutions that refuse to comply and schools experiencing "humiliation" by admitting a black student.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The report proposed the following amendments: The Committee’s Specific Case Approach, The Nature of the Sanction, The Conditions to the Proposed Sanctions Operation, The Authority to Defer Action, Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools, and Reports of Non-Compliance. The Committee’s Specific Case Approach called for equal opportunity in legal education and denounced "discriminatory denials of admission," which was the "most important barrier to equal opportunity." It also stated that schools that did not comply would be excluded from membership in the Association. Schools that denied a black applicant—not schools that did not have any black applicants—would be excluded from membership. The Nature of the Sanction called for amending the Articles of Association to add the new sanctions. The Conditions to the Proposed Sanction’s Operation acknowledged that "Negro applicants may sometimes in fact be handicapped in meeting [admissions standards] by inadequate prior education" and that some institutions may put admissions standards in place that may be impossible for black applicants to meet; it called for an investigation if the Association found that a school denied admission based solely on race or color. The Authority to Defer Action permitted the Committee "to defer temporarily a recommendation to the Association that the discriminating school be excluded" as a "precaution against cutting off opportunities for constructive action by member schools." Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools described the exclusion and reinstatement processes. Reports of Noncompliance called for a system of reporting compliance with the Association’s standards and requirements.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>UA6.2.4.22.16-19551024.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="30812">
                <text>Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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  <item itemId="1914" public="1" featured="1">
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            <elementText elementTextId="30383">
              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="30384">
                <text>Letter from Guy H. Ranson to George M. Modlin</text>
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                <text>Ranson, Guy H.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="30386">
                <text>1954-06-14</text>
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                <text>correspondence</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="30389">
                <text>Modlin, George Matthews, 1903-1998</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from Guy H. Ranson, a Southern Baptist educator, to George M. Modlin, the President of the University of Richmond, that was sent on June 14, 1954. Ranson wrote to Modlin urging him to end segregation at the university. He believed that it is "a primary principle of the Faith, that is the equality and brotherhood of all men" and, considering the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, Baptists would be ridiculed by other religions if they did not integrate. In integrated schools in states that practiced segregation, "the acceptance and compliance by students and local citizens has been surprisingly good." Southern Baptists had also begun admitting black people to all of their seminaries. Ranson believed that if the university integrated, it would "experience no injury" and "profit greatly."</text>
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                <text>Letter from Guy H. Ranson to George M. Modlin, 15 June 1954, RG 6.2.4 box 10, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Modlin, George Matthews, 1903-1998</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from John E. Leard, the City Editor for &lt;em&gt;The Richmond News Leader&lt;/em&gt;, to President George M. Modlin. On April 23, 1954, Leard wrote to Modlin to ask about the university’s plans for "expansion of their facilities in the event of a Supreme Court decision striking down public school segregation as an unconstitutional practice," which was &lt;em&gt;Brown v Board&lt;/em&gt;. He asked Modlin about the university’s present enrollment, present maximum capacity, academic training offerings, expansion plans, fees and other entrance requirements, possible changes in charges, and related information. Leard wanted to use the information in a news story following the &lt;em&gt;Brown v Board&lt;/em&gt; ruling.</text>
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                <text>Letter from John E. Leard to George M. Modlin, 23 April 1954, RG 6.2.4 Box 7 Folder 3, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Maryam Tahseen</text>
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                <text>Robertson, Linwood</text>
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                <text>This &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; editorial discusses the opinion of Linwood Robertson, a student of Richmond College, on college integration. He believed that forceful integration would lead to the same fate for the University of Richmond as that of University of Alabama when it admitted &lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autherine_Lucy#Desegregation_of_the_University_of_Alabama"&gt;Autherine Lucy&lt;/a&gt; as its first African-American student, which resulted in the largest riots by white segregationists reported after the ruling of &lt;em&gt;Brown v. Board&lt;/em&gt;. He further said that integration at the University of Richmond will only lead to seclusion for black students since many organizations, fraternities, and communities on campus are not willing to accommodate these students.</text>
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                <text>Robertson, Linwood . "Students View Integration, RC Behavior." &lt;em&gt;The Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; XLVI, no. 12, (December 12, 1958): 2. &lt;a href="http://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19581212.2.18&amp;amp;srpos=4&amp;amp;e=--1914---1980--en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;http://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19581212.2.18&amp;amp;srpos=4&amp;amp;e=--1914---1980--en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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