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              <text>Nathan Burns</text>
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                <text>Opinion "Shepard misunderstands necessity, function of MSU"</text>
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                <text>Mba-Jonas, Victor</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>1993-04-08</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>In this opinion piece, second-year student at the T.C. Williams School of Law Victor Mba-Jonas responds to an opinion piece written by Mr. Scott Shepard criticizing the name change and mere existence of the Multicultural Student Union (MSU) at the University of Richmond. Mba-Jonas responds by outlining the history of racism and discrimination specifically at the University of Richmond, which he believes to be “…a college for blond hair and blue eyes.” He further points out the systemic racial inequities apparent at the University, from the all-white police force to the majority white dining hall management over a mostly black staff. He describes an encounter with the campus police after a white female student had reported Mba-Jonas just for walking by her dormitory, an experience that Mba-Jonas says is unique to his status as a black man on campus.</text>
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                <text>College students, Black</text>
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                <text>Mba-Jonas, Victor. "Shepard misunderstands necessity, function of MSU." &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 79, no. 24, (April 8, 1993): 5. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19930408.2.17&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19930408.2.17&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Amanda Corbosiero </text>
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                <text>Letter from W. Carter Younger to Lee Nell</text>
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                <text>1980-03-31</text>
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                <text>This is a follow up letter in respect to the affirmative action plans and the self-evaluation and transition plans prepared for the T.C. Williams School of Law and for the Graduate Students Division at the University of Richmond. It was sent by W. Carter Younger, legal counsel from McGuire, Woods &amp;amp; Battle to Lee Nell, Esquire at the Office of Regional Counsel at the Department of Health, Education &amp;amp; Welfare (HEW) on March 31, 1980. The following was discussed in a March 25th meeting. For the graduate school, contacts of schools with a high proportion of minority students will include communication of the University interested in obtaining applications from qualified students. Encouragement to minority students to refer other potential applications to the graduate school would be implemented. The availability of financial aid and the procedures for receiving it will be communicated so that applicants have access to information before the application deadline. For the T.C. Williams School of Law, on-site visits to colleges with high enrollment of minority students as well as the same implementations stated for the Graduate school. The letter concludes with the recommendation when mailing out brochures relating to the MBA program to communicate the availability of programs to businesses identified as having minority ownership or high percentage of minority employees. The letter was carbon copied to Dr. William Leftwich and Raymond Hatcher.</text>
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                <text>Affirmative action programs</text>
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                <text>Letter from W. Carter Younger to Lee Nell, 31 March 1980, R.G. 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 4, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Moore, T. Justin</text>
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                <text>1955-12-08</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from T. Justin Moore, a University of Richmond trustee and alumnus, to Homer A. Holt that was sent on December 8, 1955. Moore wrote to Holt regarding the American Law School Association’s discrimination report. University President George M. Modlin attended a meeting of college and university presidents and talked to them about the report: "it was the consensus of opinion that it would be inadvisable for us to undertake to organize a campaign prior to the meeting in Chicago…but that the fourteen Southern Schools now directly affected should have representatives at the meeting and the Deans of the Law Schools should make a vigorous fight on the floor and in personal conferences with other friends in an effort to defeat the resolutions." Moore asked for Holt’s help in defeating the resolutions. He also pointed out that in the Committee report "there will be no way whereby a negro who claims he has been discriminated against can obtain any action from the American Law School Association…unless the Dean of the Law School certifies that the negro was refused admission solely on the basis of race," so if this interpretation was correct, they had a "considerable area in which to operate and yet keep most of the negroes out."</text>
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                <text>Association of American Law Schools</text>
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                <text>Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt, 8 December 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Letter from President George M. Modlin to Dean F.D.G. Ribble</text>
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                <text>Modlin, George Matthews, 1903-1998</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from President George M. Modlin to the University of Virginia School of Law Dean F. D. G Ribble that was sent on February 15, 1952. This letter was sent in response to the "Report and Resolution on racial discrimination," in which the Association of American Law Schools addressed racial problems in law schools. However, the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustees believed that the Association’s resolution was "extreme" considering that "different institutions have dissimilar problems and operate under different conditions." Therefore, the Trustees’ opinion was that racial segregation at the University of Richmond "will disappear more or less gradually and naturally" and were concerned that the Association was forcing the immediate elimination of segregation.</text>
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                <text>Association of American Law Schools</text>
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                <text>College integration</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This document is a collection of correspondence between President George M. Modlin and Minister Milton A. Reid of the First Baptist Church in Petersburg, Virginia. Reid applied to the T.C Williams Schools of Law in 1960, despite the segregation policy still in place at the time. On July 5, 1960, Reid wrote to Modlin: &amp;ldquo;In this era of sociological change, if it is felt that a Negro might be admitted on a trial basis, I am going to be selfish enough to suggest to you that &amp;lsquo;I am he.&amp;rsquo;&amp;rdquo; Reid then told Modlin of his past achievements--serving four years in the Army, spending many years as a religious counselor to youth, and A.B. and B.D. degrees from Virginia Union University. On August 24, 1960, Modlin replied stating again the university&amp;rsquo;s segregation policy, but told Reid: &amp;ldquo;If the University&amp;rsquo;s policy is changed in the near future, I am sure that we would be proud to have a man like you as the first Negro to enroll in our Law school.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp; Reid followed up on May 7, 1962, asking again to be considered for acceptance into the law school.&amp;nbsp; Dean Muse of the Law School forwarded the correspondence to President Modlin, noting &amp;ldquo;I regret, even more, to say that the letter concerns a potential application from a Negro.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
It should be noted that Milton A. Reid was a prominent civil rights activist in Virginia, founding the Virginia chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and challenging segregation in Petersburg through non-violent protest, including an incident in which he was arrested for a sit-in at the white-only area of the Petersburg bus terminal caf&amp;eacute;.&amp;nbsp; He worked closely with Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. during his visits to Virginia.&amp;nbsp; For more on Reid, read his obituary &lt;a href="http://pilotonline.com/news/norfolk-civil-rights-leader-milton-reid-dies-at/article_1b58d4a0-aedc-52ea-8384-fc2e454dc4c4.html" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>RG 6.2.4.3 Box 29, Folder 13</text>
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                <text>Reid, Milton A. Milton A. Reid to George M. Modlin, May 27, 1960. Letter. From Virginia Baptist Historical Society. The George M. Modlin Papers.</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, the Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, that was sent on September 8, 1955. Holt wrote to Cavers about an "incompleted memorandum which [Holt] had used in the conference [for the Association of American Law Schools]." The memorandum, which was included in this letter, stated that Washington and Lee University was a private institution and its admissions policy had been "‘The University exercises the right to make a choice among the candidates applying for entrance according to its evaluation of an individual’s promise of success at this particular institution, and is without obligation to give specific reasons for its failure to approve an application.’" The conference was about "the narrow matter" of admission to black students, but Holt wrote about the "broader principle of the responsibility of the Washington and Lee authorities for establishing policies of admission and their unwillingness to surrender or delegate that responsibility to any other organization." If the Association’s anti-discrimination admissions policy was made mandatory, Holt wrote that Washington and Lee would withdraw from the Association because they "could not maintain such membership at the cost of surrendering [their] liberty and independence." In the memorandum, Holt wrote that, to his knowledge, a black person had never applied to Washington and Lee’s law school, but "if a bona fide application for admission were made by a member of the Negro race possessing the required qualifications…my disposition would be to fully, carefully, and fairly consider the application." Holt also stated that he was not biased or prejudiced and used his past experience helping black people be admitted to graduate schools and approving the first black applicant to the West Virginia Bar Association as evidence. Holt also stated that the Association would be acting tyrannically if they made this policy mandatory. This memorandum was sent to George M. Modlin, President of the University of Richmond, by a named sender whose signature is unreadable; the sender believed that Modlin would be "greatly interested and impressed" by the memorandum.</text>
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                <text>Letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, 8 September 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>This document contains correspondence between President Modlin and Law School Dean William T. Muse. Muse informed Modlin of an upcoming meeting on Racial Discrimination of the AALS (Association of American Law Schools). Dean Muse requested that Modlin attend this meeting. Muse included in his letter two attachments - a letter from the Dean of the Washington &amp; Lee Law School as well as the Notice of Conferences that Dean Williams sent along with his letter to Dean Muse.  </text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from David F. Cavers, the Chairman of the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination of the Association of American Law Schools, to T. Justin Moore, the Rector of the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustee, that was sent on February 4, 1955. In 1951, the Association amended its Articles of Association so that one of its objectives for member schools was to not discriminate on the basis of race. In 1954, the Association voted that "copies of the Special Committee’s Interim and Final Reports for 1954 be sent ‘to deans of member schools not in compliance with the Association’s anti-discrimination objective and to the administrations and governing boards of the universities and colleges with which those schools are connected," which were attached to this letter. Other schools in the Association were encouraged by the successful integration at other member schools, so Cavers believed that racial discrimination in law schools would end that year. Furthermore, to reinforce the non-discrimination objective, the Special Committee would hold a meeting in Washington, D.C. to discuss discrimination. Cavers wrote that he hopes that the university will end racial discrimination and extended the Special Committee’s services.</text>
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                <text>David F. Cavers, Associate Dean of Harvard Law School, wrote to President Modlin as the Chairman of the "Special Committee on Racial Discrimination of the Association of American Law Schools" for 1955. In 1951 the Articles of Association were amended to include non-discrimination on the basis of race as a stipulation to for member schools to pursue. At a committee meeting, those present decided to send the reports of 1954 to the deans of the member schools who were possibly in violation of the Association's new anti-discrimination objective, which in this case, included the University of Richmond.</text>
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              <text>Cory Schutter</text>
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                <text>This December 28, 1979 letter is from University of Richmond counsel W. Carter Younger to Raymond Hatcher of the U. S. Office of Civil Rights, Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). The letter describes the plans of the graduate school and law school to increase minority enrollment in several different ways. Younger notes Dewey E. Dodds's letter dated September 28, 1979, which cleared the  University of Richmond from a claim that it currently had discriminatory policies. Younger acknowledges that "the alleged policy against admitting blacks was abolished in 1964."  Younger writes that Dodds' letter stated that affirmative action was necessary to overcome "the alleged effects of such pre Civil Rights Act policy." Younger contests the idea that the University "underutilized" minority students. Younger justifies the low minority enrollment rate at T. C. Williams School of Law by noting that private institutions are significantly more expensive than state law schools, making it improper to compare state school statistics to private school statistics. Younger offers an alternative viewpoint, cross referencing data from similarly sized private institutions to show that the University has a higher minority enrollment rate compared to similar institutions. Younger argues that Dodds' use of statistics are not taking into account the context of the University and the competitive nature of institutions of higher learning in the greater Richmond area. Younger notes that the committee for self-evaluation will meet on January 7, 1980. Included with the letter are two enclosures, reviews of the Graduate School affirmative action plan and the School of Law affirmative action plan. The Graduate School affirmative action plan begins with an assessment on why the University has lower numbers of minority students, primarily because of the presence of less expensive state schools. To combat these low numbers, the University plans to encourage applications from undergraduate schools with high proportion of minority students. The plan also reviews financial aid, recruiting "disadvantaged full-time students", and implementing non-discriminatory practices. The plan also reviews job placement, with a non-discrimination policy when connecting students to future employers. The second review is the School of Law Affirmative Action Plan. The plan discusses recruiting and admissions, starting with active recruiting from "colleges which have a high proportion of minority students" including: Virginia State University, Virginia Union University, Hampton Institute, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, Morehouse College, Morris-Brown College, Spelman College, Clark, and Atlanta University. The plan identifies the utilization of current minority law students as a key part of their recruiting efforts. The plan discusses non-discriminatory placement within the job center, with goals to represent and include minority students. The plan also has a sample of a counseling center visit log, which corresponds to reasons for visit, service codes, and divisions.</text>
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                <text>Letter and review from W. Carter Younger to Raymond Hatcher, 28 December 1979, RG 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 5 “U.S. Government - HEW - Civil Rights "Compliance Review" (April 1979), University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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