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                <text>Letter from President George M. Modlin to Dean F.D.G. Ribble</text>
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                <text>Modlin, George Matthews, 1903-1998</text>
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                <text>1952-02-15</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from President George M. Modlin to the University of Virginia School of Law Dean F. D. G Ribble that was sent on February 15, 1952. This letter was sent in response to the "Report and Resolution on racial discrimination," in which the Association of American Law Schools addressed racial problems in law schools. However, the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustees believed that the Association’s resolution was "extreme" considering that "different institutions have dissimilar problems and operate under different conditions." Therefore, the Trustees’ opinion was that racial segregation at the University of Richmond "will disappear more or less gradually and naturally" and were concerned that the Association was forcing the immediate elimination of segregation.</text>
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                <text>Letter from George M. Modlin to F. D. G ribble, 15 February 1952, RG 6.2.4 Box 22 Folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>Letter from David F. Cavers to T. Justin Moore</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from David F. Cavers, the Chairman of the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination of the Association of American Law Schools, to T. Justin Moore, the Rector of the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustee, that was sent on February 4, 1955. In 1951, the Association amended its Articles of Association so that one of its objectives for member schools was to not discriminate on the basis of race. In 1954, the Association voted that "copies of the Special Committee’s Interim and Final Reports for 1954 be sent ‘to deans of member schools not in compliance with the Association’s anti-discrimination objective and to the administrations and governing boards of the universities and colleges with which those schools are connected," which were attached to this letter. Other schools in the Association were encouraged by the successful integration at other member schools, so Cavers believed that racial discrimination in law schools would end that year. Furthermore, to reinforce the non-discrimination objective, the Special Committee would hold a meeting in Washington, D.C. to discuss discrimination. Cavers wrote that he hopes that the university will end racial discrimination and extended the Special Committee’s services.</text>
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                <text>Letter from David F. Cavers to T. Justin Moore, 4 February 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from T. Justin Moore, a University of Richmond trustee and alumnus, to Homer A. Holt that was sent on December 8, 1955. Moore wrote to Holt regarding the American Law School Association’s discrimination report. University President George M. Modlin attended a meeting of college and university presidents and talked to them about the report: "it was the consensus of opinion that it would be inadvisable for us to undertake to organize a campaign prior to the meeting in Chicago…but that the fourteen Southern Schools now directly affected should have representatives at the meeting and the Deans of the Law Schools should make a vigorous fight on the floor and in personal conferences with other friends in an effort to defeat the resolutions." Moore asked for Holt’s help in defeating the resolutions. He also pointed out that in the Committee report "there will be no way whereby a negro who claims he has been discriminated against can obtain any action from the American Law School Association…unless the Dean of the Law School certifies that the negro was refused admission solely on the basis of race," so if this interpretation was correct, they had a "considerable area in which to operate and yet keep most of the negroes out."</text>
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                <text>Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt, 8 December 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955"</text>
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                <text>This document is a report titled "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report outlined the Association’s new policies on equal opportunity in legal education and the consequences member schools may face if they did not comply. At the Association’s 1950 meeting, it resolved that it "‘opposes the continued maintenance of segregation or discrimination in legal education on racial grounds, and asserts its belief that it is the professional duty of all member schools to abolish any such practices at the earliest possible time.’" This report was the result of that resolution. At the time of its publication, "sixteen member schools have not yet admitted Negro students or announced a readiness to admit them," which the Association found "disappointing" especially considering the Association’s adoption of an amendment to its Articles of Association and Brown v. Board of Education. The Association’s amendment stated that one of its objectives was "‘Equality of opportunity in legal education without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race or color.’" After Brown v. Board, only a few schools had desegregated; the Association’s Special Committee was doubtful that integration would occur "‘if the Association engages only in exhortation and watchful waiting, and the need for action of a more positive character by the Association will therefore have to be considered.’"&lt;p&gt;In the report, the Association made it clear that continued membership in the Association was contingent on compliance with the new objective. The Association also acknowledged that "Law and its procedures have been used in countless ways as the instrumentalities of discrimination" but "our law has become an agency of emancipation and correction." The report claimed that segregation in law schools is ironic because now "it is the law that is being invoked to end segregation in education." Opponents to the Association’s sanctions argued that the Association "may encourage, but should not require, conformity with the ideals of a majority of its members." They also addressed other oppositional viewpoints, such as public institutions that refuse to comply and schools experiencing "humiliation" by admitting a black student.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The report proposed the following amendments: The Committee’s Specific Case Approach, The Nature of the Sanction, The Conditions to the Proposed Sanctions Operation, The Authority to Defer Action, Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools, and Reports of Non-Compliance. The Committee’s Specific Case Approach called for equal opportunity in legal education and denounced "discriminatory denials of admission," which was the "most important barrier to equal opportunity." It also stated that schools that did not comply would be excluded from membership in the Association. Schools that denied a black applicant—not schools that did not have any black applicants—would be excluded from membership. The Nature of the Sanction called for amending the Articles of Association to add the new sanctions. The Conditions to the Proposed Sanction’s Operation acknowledged that "Negro applicants may sometimes in fact be handicapped in meeting [admissions standards] by inadequate prior education" and that some institutions may put admissions standards in place that may be impossible for black applicants to meet; it called for an investigation if the Association found that a school denied admission based solely on race or color. The Authority to Defer Action permitted the Committee "to defer temporarily a recommendation to the Association that the discriminating school be excluded" as a "precaution against cutting off opportunities for constructive action by member schools." Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools described the exclusion and reinstatement processes. Reports of Noncompliance called for a system of reporting compliance with the Association’s standards and requirements.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This document, "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School," was attached to the end of "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955." In this document, Ribble acknowledged that the Committee’s proposal was "excellent" but that the Association should "postpone the use of [its power of expulsion]." At non-complying schools, there was strong opposition to compliance from the public; if a court ordered desegregation, he wrote, then the "bitter and punishing opposition" may decrease or disappear. Non-complying schools would integrate if they could. Expulsion from the Association would be detrimental to the professors at non-compliant institutions. In addition, he wanted to wait until the incoming President of the Association of American Law Schools took his position since he was from the University of North Carolina and was more familiar with the problems facing non-complying schools.</text>
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                <text>This document is a letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, the Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, that was sent on September 8, 1955. Holt wrote to Cavers about an "incompleted memorandum which [Holt] had used in the conference [for the Association of American Law Schools]." The memorandum, which was included in this letter, stated that Washington and Lee University was a private institution and its admissions policy had been "‘The University exercises the right to make a choice among the candidates applying for entrance according to its evaluation of an individual’s promise of success at this particular institution, and is without obligation to give specific reasons for its failure to approve an application.’" The conference was about "the narrow matter" of admission to black students, but Holt wrote about the "broader principle of the responsibility of the Washington and Lee authorities for establishing policies of admission and their unwillingness to surrender or delegate that responsibility to any other organization." If the Association’s anti-discrimination admissions policy was made mandatory, Holt wrote that Washington and Lee would withdraw from the Association because they "could not maintain such membership at the cost of surrendering [their] liberty and independence." In the memorandum, Holt wrote that, to his knowledge, a black person had never applied to Washington and Lee’s law school, but "if a bona fide application for admission were made by a member of the Negro race possessing the required qualifications…my disposition would be to fully, carefully, and fairly consider the application." Holt also stated that he was not biased or prejudiced and used his past experience helping black people be admitted to graduate schools and approving the first black applicant to the West Virginia Bar Association as evidence. Holt also stated that the Association would be acting tyrannically if they made this policy mandatory. This memorandum was sent to George M. Modlin, President of the University of Richmond, by a named sender whose signature is unreadable; the sender believed that Modlin would be "greatly interested and impressed" by the memorandum.</text>
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                <text>Letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, 8 September 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Karissa Lim</text>
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                <text>Report "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)"</text>
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                <text>This document is a report entitled "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report was attached to a letter from David F. Cavers, Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, to William T. Muse, Dean of the T. C. Williams School of Law, and Cavers asked Muse for any comments and criticisms in regards to the report. The Special Committee met with member schools after the Brown v. Board of Education decision to discuss their anti-discrimination policy; all but one member school attended, which may be in reference to Homer A. Holt’s memorandum sent on September 8, 1955. On the encouraging side, one major private institution in the South decided to admit black students into its law program and there were two state universities that were likely to do the same; in addition, faculties and student bodies at law schools seemed ready to welcome black students. However, the public was becoming increasingly resistant to integration, private institutions were worried that financial contributions would decrease if they admitted black students, some believed the Association’s intervention would be ineffective. The report included a draft proposal that detailed the proposed amendment, consequences for members who did not follow the new policy, and resolutions.</text>
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                <text>Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption), 8 Sept 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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              <text>Cory Schutter</text>
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                <text>This December 28, 1979 letter is from University of Richmond counsel W. Carter Younger to Raymond Hatcher of the U. S. Office of Civil Rights, Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). The letter describes the plans of the graduate school and law school to increase minority enrollment in several different ways. Younger notes Dewey E. Dodds's letter dated September 28, 1979, which cleared the  University of Richmond from a claim that it currently had discriminatory policies. Younger acknowledges that "the alleged policy against admitting blacks was abolished in 1964."  Younger writes that Dodds' letter stated that affirmative action was necessary to overcome "the alleged effects of such pre Civil Rights Act policy." Younger contests the idea that the University "underutilized" minority students. Younger justifies the low minority enrollment rate at T. C. Williams School of Law by noting that private institutions are significantly more expensive than state law schools, making it improper to compare state school statistics to private school statistics. Younger offers an alternative viewpoint, cross referencing data from similarly sized private institutions to show that the University has a higher minority enrollment rate compared to similar institutions. Younger argues that Dodds' use of statistics are not taking into account the context of the University and the competitive nature of institutions of higher learning in the greater Richmond area. Younger notes that the committee for self-evaluation will meet on January 7, 1980. Included with the letter are two enclosures, reviews of the Graduate School affirmative action plan and the School of Law affirmative action plan. The Graduate School affirmative action plan begins with an assessment on why the University has lower numbers of minority students, primarily because of the presence of less expensive state schools. To combat these low numbers, the University plans to encourage applications from undergraduate schools with high proportion of minority students. The plan also reviews financial aid, recruiting "disadvantaged full-time students", and implementing non-discriminatory practices. The plan also reviews job placement, with a non-discrimination policy when connecting students to future employers. The second review is the School of Law Affirmative Action Plan. The plan discusses recruiting and admissions, starting with active recruiting from "colleges which have a high proportion of minority students" including: Virginia State University, Virginia Union University, Hampton Institute, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, Morehouse College, Morris-Brown College, Spelman College, Clark, and Atlanta University. The plan identifies the utilization of current minority law students as a key part of their recruiting efforts. The plan discusses non-discriminatory placement within the job center, with goals to represent and include minority students. The plan also has a sample of a counseling center visit log, which corresponds to reasons for visit, service codes, and divisions.</text>
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                <text>United States. Civil Rights Act of 1964</text>
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                <text>UA6.2.5.25.5-19791228.pdf</text>
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                <text>Letter and review from W. Carter Younger to Raymond Hatcher, 28 December 1979, RG 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 5 “U.S. Government - HEW - Civil Rights "Compliance Review" (April 1979), University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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              <text>Amanda Corbosiero </text>
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                <text>Letter from W. Carter Younger to Lee Nell</text>
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                <text>Younger, W. Carter </text>
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                <text>1980-03-31</text>
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                <text>This is a follow up letter in respect to the affirmative action plans and the self-evaluation and transition plans prepared for the T.C. Williams School of Law and for the Graduate Students Division at the University of Richmond. It was sent by W. Carter Younger, legal counsel from McGuire, Woods &amp;amp; Battle to Lee Nell, Esquire at the Office of Regional Counsel at the Department of Health, Education &amp;amp; Welfare (HEW) on March 31, 1980. The following was discussed in a March 25th meeting. For the graduate school, contacts of schools with a high proportion of minority students will include communication of the University interested in obtaining applications from qualified students. Encouragement to minority students to refer other potential applications to the graduate school would be implemented. The availability of financial aid and the procedures for receiving it will be communicated so that applicants have access to information before the application deadline. For the T.C. Williams School of Law, on-site visits to colleges with high enrollment of minority students as well as the same implementations stated for the Graduate school. The letter concludes with the recommendation when mailing out brochures relating to the MBA program to communicate the availability of programs to businesses identified as having minority ownership or high percentage of minority employees. The letter was carbon copied to Dr. William Leftwich and Raymond Hatcher.</text>
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                <text>Affirmative action programs</text>
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                <text>UA6.2.5.25.4-19800331.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="36306">
                <text>Letter from W. Carter Younger to Lee Nell, 31 March 1980, R.G. 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 4, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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              <text>Vishwesh Mehta</text>
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                <text>Report "Affirmative Action Plan for The T.C. Williams School Of Law of The University of Richmond"</text>
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                <text>1980</text>
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                <text>administrative reports</text>
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                <text>This is the Affirmative Action Plan for The T.C. Williams School Of Law. This document acknowledges the responsibility of the T.C Williams School of Law as a part of the University of Richmond to provide equal opportunity to minority students.This document mentions that equal opportunity will be provided to any graduate or professional studies student and also acknowledges that diversity among the student body is very important to the university. Dr. William Leftwich, Vice President for Student Affairs will be in charge of implementing the plan and overseeing departments to make sure the plan is implemented to its fullest. The equal opportunity policy will be efficiently communicated to faculty and staff by the Dean of the Law School through memos and meetings. The policy will also be published in the bulletins, catalogues, admission documents and other law school communication open to the public. The plan pointed out that the T.C Williams School of Law has been proactively trying to recruit minority students but is being undercut by the high number of law schools nearby and lower tuition rates of those law schools. The law school will actively recruit minority students by making it providing equal opportunity, financial aid and recruiting from undergraduate institutions with a high number of minority students including Virginia Union University, Hampton Institute, Virginia State University and Atlanta University. Also, the placement process for jobs will be practicing the equal opportunity policy along with providing minority students with additional help during this process.&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Though this report is undated, a draft copy available in the papers of President Heilman at the Virginia Baptist Historical Society dates the draft copy to March 24, 1980.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>UA6.2.5.25.6-1980a.pdf</text>
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                <text>"Affirmative Action Plan for The T.C. Williams School Of Law of The University of Richmond," 1980, R.G. 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 6, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society.</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va.)</text>
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