2 10 27 https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/d54d723c5b3f766e52fd3f43983316ab.pdf eb11fe4014a74c1a4ff0243e983edec6 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-09-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a report entitled "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report was attached to a letter from David F. Cavers, Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, to William T. Muse, Dean of the T. C. Williams School of Law, and Cavers asked Muse for any comments and criticisms in regards to the report. The Special Committee met with member schools after the Brown v. Board of Education decision to discuss their anti-discrimination policy; all but one member school attended, which may be in reference to Homer A. Holt’s memorandum sent on September 8, 1955. On the encouraging side, one major private institution in the South decided to admit black students into its law program and there were two state universities that were likely to do the same; in addition, faculties and student bodies at law schools seemed ready to welcome black students. However, the public was becoming increasingly resistant to integration, private institutions were worried that financial contributions would decrease if they admitted black students, some believed the Association’s intervention would be ineffective. The report included a draft proposal that detailed the proposed amendment, consequences for members who did not follow the new policy, and resolutions. Subject The topic of the resource Anti-racism Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16a-19550908.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption), 8 Sept 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/f9cf04dbb5a3c0f58213f53bc41da135.pdf bab6816a43e6cfb88b844e4cfe4c7fba Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Holt, Homer A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-09-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, the Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, that was sent on September 8, 1955. Holt wrote to Cavers about an "incompleted memorandum which [Holt] had used in the conference [for the Association of American Law Schools]." The memorandum, which was included in this letter, stated that Washington and Lee University was a private institution and its admissions policy had been "‘The University exercises the right to make a choice among the candidates applying for entrance according to its evaluation of an individual’s promise of success at this particular institution, and is without obligation to give specific reasons for its failure to approve an application.’" The conference was about "the narrow matter" of admission to black students, but Holt wrote about the "broader principle of the responsibility of the Washington and Lee authorities for establishing policies of admission and their unwillingness to surrender or delegate that responsibility to any other organization." If the Association’s anti-discrimination admissions policy was made mandatory, Holt wrote that Washington and Lee would withdraw from the Association because they "could not maintain such membership at the cost of surrendering [their] liberty and independence." In the memorandum, Holt wrote that, to his knowledge, a black person had never applied to Washington and Lee’s law school, but "if a bona fide application for admission were made by a member of the Negro race possessing the required qualifications…my disposition would be to fully, carefully, and fairly consider the application." Holt also stated that he was not biased or prejudiced and used his past experience helping black people be admitted to graduate schools and approving the first black applicant to the West Virginia Bar Association as evidence. Holt also stated that the Association would be acting tyrannically if they made this policy mandatory. This memorandum was sent to George M. Modlin, President of the University of Richmond, by a named sender whose signature is unreadable; the sender believed that Modlin would be "greatly interested and impressed" by the memorandum. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Washington and Lee University Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19550908.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from Homer A. Holt to David F. Cavers, 8 September 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/f38b664a145e84835dd11a86411ab939.jpg 81ccff8cbe46fea9d953853b428a6079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ribble, F. D. G. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-10-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document, "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School," was attached to the end of "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955." In this document, Ribble acknowledged that the Committee’s proposal was "excellent" but that the Association should "postpone the use of [its power of expulsion]." At non-complying schools, there was strong opposition to compliance from the public; if a court ordered desegregation, he wrote, then the "bitter and punishing opposition" may decrease or disappear. Non-complying schools would integrate if they could. Expulsion from the Association would be detrimental to the professors at non-compliant institutions. In addition, he wanted to wait until the incoming President of the Association of American Law Schools took his position since he was from the University of North Carolina and was more familiar with the problems facing non-complying schools. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551024.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/6d2aee79e509b22d89db9f2ef824051a.pdf edbb7f53152a8a36994f1ade0853c2cc Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-10-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a report titled "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report outlined the Association’s new policies on equal opportunity in legal education and the consequences member schools may face if they did not comply. At the Association’s 1950 meeting, it resolved that it "‘opposes the continued maintenance of segregation or discrimination in legal education on racial grounds, and asserts its belief that it is the professional duty of all member schools to abolish any such practices at the earliest possible time.’" This report was the result of that resolution. At the time of its publication, "sixteen member schools have not yet admitted Negro students or announced a readiness to admit them," which the Association found "disappointing" especially considering the Association’s adoption of an amendment to its Articles of Association and Brown v. Board of Education. The Association’s amendment stated that one of its objectives was "‘Equality of opportunity in legal education without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race or color.’" After Brown v. Board, only a few schools had desegregated; the Association’s Special Committee was doubtful that integration would occur "‘if the Association engages only in exhortation and watchful waiting, and the need for action of a more positive character by the Association will therefore have to be considered.’"<p>In the report, the Association made it clear that continued membership in the Association was contingent on compliance with the new objective. The Association also acknowledged that "Law and its procedures have been used in countless ways as the instrumentalities of discrimination" but "our law has become an agency of emancipation and correction." The report claimed that segregation in law schools is ironic because now "it is the law that is being invoked to end segregation in education." Opponents to the Association’s sanctions argued that the Association "may encourage, but should not require, conformity with the ideals of a majority of its members." They also addressed other oppositional viewpoints, such as public institutions that refuse to comply and schools experiencing "humiliation" by admitting a black student.</p><p>The report proposed the following amendments: The Committee’s Specific Case Approach, The Nature of the Sanction, The Conditions to the Proposed Sanctions Operation, The Authority to Defer Action, Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools, and Reports of Non-Compliance. The Committee’s Specific Case Approach called for equal opportunity in legal education and denounced "discriminatory denials of admission," which was the "most important barrier to equal opportunity." It also stated that schools that did not comply would be excluded from membership in the Association. Schools that denied a black applicant—not schools that did not have any black applicants—would be excluded from membership. The Nature of the Sanction called for amending the Articles of Association to add the new sanctions. The Conditions to the Proposed Sanction’s Operation acknowledged that "Negro applicants may sometimes in fact be handicapped in meeting [admissions standards] by inadequate prior education" and that some institutions may put admissions standards in place that may be impossible for black applicants to meet; it called for an investigation if the Association found that a school denied admission based solely on race or color. The Authority to Defer Action permitted the Committee "to defer temporarily a recommendation to the Association that the discriminating school be excluded" as a "precaution against cutting off opportunities for constructive action by member schools." Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools described the exclusion and reinstatement processes. Reports of Noncompliance called for a system of reporting compliance with the Association’s standards and requirements.</p> Subject The topic of the resource Anti-racism Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551024.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/7501ac1a87245498e06762b2f81d6cd7.pdf 8244266f4df28ae252b43554f6a35a33 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moore, T. Justin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-12-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a letter from T. Justin Moore, a University of Richmond trustee and alumnus, to Homer A. Holt that was sent on December 8, 1955. Moore wrote to Holt regarding the American Law School Association’s discrimination report. University President George M. Modlin attended a meeting of college and university presidents and talked to them about the report: "it was the consensus of opinion that it would be inadvisable for us to undertake to organize a campaign prior to the meeting in Chicago…but that the fourteen Southern Schools now directly affected should have representatives at the meeting and the Deans of the Law Schools should make a vigorous fight on the floor and in personal conferences with other friends in an effort to defeat the resolutions." Moore asked for Holt’s help in defeating the resolutions. He also pointed out that in the Committee report "there will be no way whereby a negro who claims he has been discriminated against can obtain any action from the American Law School Association…unless the Dean of the Law School certifies that the negro was refused admission solely on the basis of race," so if this interpretation was correct, they had a "considerable area in which to operate and yet keep most of the negroes out." Subject The topic of the resource Alumni and alumnae Association of American Law Schools College integration College trustees Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551208.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt, 8 December 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/8437421fffd740222ca4bf72251965db.pdf fbeecc995cc1a1b357e5c7f14f4c2a21 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from David F. Cavers to T. Justin Moore Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cavers, David F. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-02-04 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a letter from David F. Cavers, the Chairman of the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination of the Association of American Law Schools, to T. Justin Moore, the Rector of the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustee, that was sent on February 4, 1955. In 1951, the Association amended its Articles of Association so that one of its objectives for member schools was to not discriminate on the basis of race. In 1954, the Association voted that "copies of the Special Committee’s Interim and Final Reports for 1954 be sent ‘to deans of member schools not in compliance with the Association’s anti-discrimination objective and to the administrations and governing boards of the universities and colleges with which those schools are connected," which were attached to this letter. Other schools in the Association were encouraged by the successful integration at other member schools, so Cavers believed that racial discrimination in law schools would end that year. Furthermore, to reinforce the non-discrimination objective, the Special Committee would hold a meeting in Washington, D.C. to discuss discrimination. Cavers wrote that he hopes that the university will end racial discrimination and extended the Special Committee’s services. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16a-19550204.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from David F. Cavers to T. Justin Moore, 4 February 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/c2f8250c491468f0d13a730a05cfdaaa.jpg 4fde4a1d316b93c5275e364d4f67478e Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from President George M. Modlin to Dean F.D.G. Ribble Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Modlin, George Matthews, 1903-1998 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-02-15 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a letter from President George M. Modlin to the University of Virginia School of Law Dean F. D. G Ribble that was sent on February 15, 1952. This letter was sent in response to the "Report and Resolution on racial discrimination," in which the Association of American Law Schools addressed racial problems in law schools. However, the University of Richmond’s Board of Trustees believed that the Association’s resolution was "extreme" considering that "different institutions have dissimilar problems and operate under different conditions." Therefore, the Trustees’ opinion was that racial segregation at the University of Richmond "will disappear more or less gradually and naturally" and were concerned that the Association was forcing the immediate elimination of segregation. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration College presidents Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation University of Virginia Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19520215.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from George M. Modlin to F. D. G ribble, 15 February 1952, RG 6.2.4 Box 22 Folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/5ea577f72fcc15f97109ff178e179677.JPG 599656f70009dd72ec9e5acc6ff6d569 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Maryam Tahseen Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource President's Report 1956-1957 "The T.C Williams School of Law" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Muse, William T. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Office of the President, University of Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Description An account of the resource The Dean of Law School, William T. Muse, discusses the decision made on integration for non-complying Law schools by the Association of American Law Schools. The recommendation by a Special Committee on Racial Discrimination failed to be adopted. If accepted, it would have made the acceptance of black students into the law schools a requirement. "Inappropriate timing" was given as the reason for failure of adoption of the recommendation. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration Law schools Segregation Universities and colleges--Faculty Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PresReport.34-1956.JPG Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virginia Baptist Historical Society, President’s Report (1956-1957): 34. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/73aa60746c9f2ffe8c7a8f5e96eccbe7.JPG 4bc85a114570aa2d365baba273945557 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Maryam Tahseen Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource President's Report 1957-1958 "The T.C Williams School of Law" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Muse, William T. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Office of the President, University of Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Description An account of the resource The section on segregation from the T.C Williams School of Law's report states that black students are now eligible to attend twenty-five out of the thirty-eight Southern law schools with Vanderbilt School of Law being the latest addition to the list. According to the Association of American Law Schools, it is best to not abandon non-segregation of law schools, but rather to act as a "mediator" to schools so they can "work out their problems as conditions change." University of Richmond continued to be one of the thirteen Southern law schools to not allow black students in its law school. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration Law schools Segregation Universities and colleges--Faculty Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PresReport.32-1956.JPG Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virginia Baptist Historical Society, President’s Report (1957-1958): 32. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/fb7ce35d4bd04c28502094d36919ed34.pdf be24af4b281016ba674d82674abba710 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Dom Harrington Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from David F. Cavers to George M. Modlin Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cavers, David F. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-02-04 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondance Description An account of the resource David F. Cavers, Associate Dean of Harvard Law School, wrote to President Modlin as the Chairman of the "Special Committee on Racial Discrimination of the Association of American Law Schools" for 1955. In 1951 the Articles of Association were amended to include non-discrimination on the basis of race as a stipulation to for member schools to pursue. At a committee meeting, those present decided to send the reports of 1954 to the deans of the member schools who were possibly in violation of the Association's new anti-discrimination objective, which in this case, included the University of Richmond. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools College integration College presidents Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Segregation Universities and colleges--Faculty Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19550204.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from David F. Cavers to George M. Modlin, 04 February 1955, RG 6.2.4 Box 22 Folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.)