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                <text>Article "College Fraternities, Sororities Are Termed 'Citadels of Snobbery"</text>
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                <text>This article summarizes the perspective of Mrs. Glenn Frank, widow of the former president of the University of Wisconsin and former sorority member, regarding the “dangerous influence” of Greek life on college campuses. In her published special investigation “Citadels of Snobbery,” Frank warns that in screening applicants on the basis of income, religion and social position, fraternities and sororities promote, “a ‘completely un-American, undemocratic caste system.’” She reports that Greek organizations practice religious discrimination by setting quotas for Catholic students and banning Jewish students, therefore creating segregation on campuses. She urges parents to get their legislatures to “wipe out fraternities and sororities by legislative act."</text>
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                <text>"College Fraternities, Sororities Are Termed 'Citadels of Snobbery." &lt;em&gt;The Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; XXXVI, no. 17, (February 10, 1950): 2. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19500210.2.18&amp;amp;srpos=17&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19500210.2.18&amp;amp;srpos=17&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This anti-integration quote from student Olen Lewis claims that, while accepting black and white Americans as "brothers" that "love each other," they should desire to be separate in some instances. This was published four years before the &lt;em&gt;Messenger&lt;/em&gt; magazine took a pro-integration stance.</text>
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                <text>Lewis, Olen. "A thought on segregation." &lt;em&gt;The Messenger&lt;/em&gt; (1960): 11. University Archives, RG 24 Student Publications. Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia.</text>
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                <text>Opinion "Why do all the frisbee kids sit together at D-hall?"</text>
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                <text>Rybolt, Ben</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va).</text>
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                <text>In this &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; editorial, written 50 years after the Brown v. Board of Education decision that ended the legal segregation of public schools, the writer addresses the ways in which segregation is still prevalent at the University of Richmond. They focus on segregation at the University dining hall, observing that, &amp;ldquo;Black students sit in one corner of the room, international students sit at one long table, and white students sit everywhere else.&amp;rdquo; They address the student body&amp;rsquo;s lack of commitment to diversity, and that the de-segregation of the University of Richmond is the responsibility of all students.</text>
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                <text>Rybolt, Ben. "Why do all the frisbee kids sit together at D-hall?" T &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 93, no. 22, (April 6, 2006): 16. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL20060406.2.40&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL20060406.2.40&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va).</text>
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                <text>This &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; cartoon, appearing underneath the article &amp;ldquo;Dining hall traditions separate students&amp;rdquo; by Chris Wright, depicts three male college students. In a text bubble, one of the students exclaims, &amp;ldquo;I hate the way Greeks segregate themselves, they&amp;hellip; Liev, what the hell is Tim doing sitting over at the football table!&amp;rdquo; The comic humorously portrays the internalized social segregation as perpetuated by all students, Greek and non-Greek alike.</text>
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                <text>"Untitled". &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 82, no. 13, (January 18, 1996): 13. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19960118.2.34&amp;amp;srpos=6&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19960118.2.34&amp;amp;srpos=6&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This 1996 &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; article explains the decade-long social separation of students in the E. Bruce Heilman Dining Center and attempts to pinpoint its causes. As elaborated in the article, Greek life sits on the right side room of the dining hall, athletes sit in the center room, and students dining independently sit on the left side. Alumni weigh in on the issue, such as 1987 graduate Ann Carrathers, who notes that the right and center dining rooms were strictly divided into specific fraternity tables. Class of 1985 graduate Deanie Johnson Nelson, who attended the university when the North Court and Sarah Brunet dining halls merged, exclaims that, &amp;ldquo;the seating arrangement seemed to form almost immediately.&amp;rdquo; Associate professor of theatre W. Reed West, who attended the University in 1970, affirms that Richmond College students also segregated themselves when eating, however, there were no seating arrangements. The article also notes that the University&amp;rsquo;s dining hall segregation was similar to that of Hope College in Holland, Michigan. Two potential reasons for the University of Richmond&amp;rsquo;s dining hall segregation is the lack of Greek housing on campus and the internalization of the status quo during freshman orientation.</text>
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                <text>Wright, Chris. "Dining hall traditions separate students". &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 82, no. 13, (January 18, 1996): 13. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19960118.2.34&amp;amp;srpos=6&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19960118.2.34&amp;amp;srpos=6&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; article outlines the &amp;ldquo;unwritten seating arrangement&amp;rdquo; at the E. Bruce Heilman Dining Center, otherwise known as &amp;ldquo;D-hall&amp;rdquo;. The source of this social segregation seems to arise out of the Greek life system. Although not everyone abides by these unwritten laws, they are perpetuated due to the lack of Greek housing on campus and due to the freshman orientation process. The article includes an &amp;ldquo;unofficial guide to the dining hall&amp;rdquo; in the form of a map delineating D-hall&amp;rsquo;s three rooms and the breakdown of social areas.</text>
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                <text>Ranson, Beth. "E. Bruce etiquette: dining hall dos and don'ts." &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 79, no. 22, (March 25, 1993): 19. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19930325.2.67&amp;amp;srpos=15&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19920326.2.21&amp;amp;srpos=6&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Nathan Burns </text>
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                <text>Opinion "'Enough' is too much"</text>
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                <text>Cicarronne, Julie</text>
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                <text>The Collegian, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>Richmond (Va).</text>
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                <text>In this &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; opinion piece, student Julie Ciccarone responds to a defense of the Greek system in response to a &lt;em&gt;Collegian&lt;/em&gt; piece by student Greg Simonian titled &amp;ldquo;Enough is enough,&amp;rdquo; in which Simonian wonders why the Greek system gets blamed for instances of racism and other social problems on campus. After reminding him of the two recent reports of racism at the fraternities, the first by Pamela Johnson and the second by Harvey Whitney, Ciccarone questions the fraternity&amp;rsquo;s insistence on &amp;ldquo;brotherhood&amp;rdquo; by referencing the social segregation instilled by the Greek system at the E. Bruce Heilman Dining Center in the form of a personal experience. Ciccarone then critiques the hazing culture associated with fraternities, and the lack of sincere socialization among sorority members who, &amp;ldquo;didn&amp;rsquo;t speak to any of the freshmen until sorority rush.&amp;rdquo; She concludes by adding that the fraternity&amp;rsquo;s threat to stop raising money for the school is immaterial, and that she, &amp;ldquo;look[s] forward to dinner at his table.&amp;rdquo;</text>
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                <text>Ciccarone, Julie. "'Enough' is too much." &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; 74, no. 18, (February 25, 1988): 4. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19880225.2.17&amp;amp;srpos=17&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19880225.2.17&amp;amp;srpos=17&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Gabby Kiser</text>
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                <text>Illustration "Greatest Ventriloquist Act of the Century"</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Hamm, Jack</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>The Messenger, University of Richmond</text>
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                <text>literary magazines</text>
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                <text>This cartoon shows a white ventriloquist agreeing to his sentiment of, "We were all mighty happy until we were interfered with... Weren't we?" with a blackface-wearing ventriloquist's dummy. This refers to forced integration that occurred in public schools during the Civil Rights Movement. As the ventriloquist act occurs, the white man is suffocating a bound black man who represents "over 10,000,000 Negro U.S. 'citizens.'" This illustration is captioned as "the editorial voice of this issue" and urges the Board of Trustees to "continue action on this problem vital to our University."</text>
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                <text>This article discusses how congressman Brooks Hays said that Christians had &amp;ldquo;grown soft&amp;rdquo; during this time. He claimed that he was not an advocate for mass integration, but that he was against discrimination. He expressed that Christians must draw on their resources and continue to believe in the rule of the law when it came to integration. Hays had just lost his first election in 25 years, a bid for congressman in Arkansas, because he was labeled as too moderate on the issue of integration. He was also president of the Southern Baptist Convention, and stated while he did not support the tactics of the NAACP, he would not "deny them their rights."</text>
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                <text>"Civil Rights Issue: Hays Challenges Christians." &lt;em&gt;The Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; XLVI no. 13, (February 13, 1959): 4. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19590213.2.25&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="&amp;quot;_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19590213.2.25&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>This article discusses a University Campus Forum determining that the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's (HEW) charges against the University for reflecting a racist image were justified, by a 43-31 vote. Before the vote, there was a debate that about how to fix enrollment to &amp;ldquo;give all races a fair chance.&amp;rdquo; While the affirmative side of the debate claimed that Black people would not want to apply to the school because of its all-white Southern image, the negative side claimed that if the school &amp;ldquo;lowered its admission standards,&amp;rdquo; then students would not want to apply in the future. Professors and students both gave their opinions during this forum. Dr. Robert S. Alley of the religion department spoke on the affirmative side. Student Gaston Williams was also on the affirmative side, and Debbie Jennings on the negative. Dr. J. Martin Ryle of the history department also made a remark, and claimed the unviersity was "riding on waves, doing very little to change their past image of discrimination."</text>
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                <text>"Forum Upholds HEW By Slim Vote, 43-31." &lt;em&gt;The University of Richmond Collegian&lt;/em&gt; LVIII no. 6, (October 23, 1970): 1. &lt;a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19701023.2.5&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="&amp;quot;_blank"&gt;https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&amp;amp;d=COL19701023.2.5&amp;amp;srpos=1&amp;amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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