3 10 50 https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/295115bfe677f1c4fb96f326b33d16ff.jpg c57edcdb68c1b322f84dd8b69951521d Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Jennifer Munnings Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Article "Our Day: The South, The North, The Negro" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brandis, Royall Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Collegian, University of Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940-03-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource newspapers Description An account of the resource In the article "Our Day: The South, The North, The Negro" published by The Collegian on March 8th, 1940, that describes the large amount of support the Democratic Party received from black people in the election season. "With ardent promises to look out for his welfare and reinforced by plenty of relief funds, the Democratic Party cemented a large section of the Negro vote in that state in the 'White Man's Party.'" The article also discusses the disenfranchisement of black voters by the South. "What is most remarkable is that after eight years, November 1940 will see the Democratic party leaders in the South keeping the "niggers" from voting, while in the North different leaders of the Democratic Party will count the Negro race and attract thereby what may be a crucial number of votes." Subject The topic of the resource Politics and government Presidents--Election Racism Southern States Voter registration -- Corrupt practices Voting Black people Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RichmondCollegianXXVI.22.2-19400308.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brandis, Royall. "Our Day: The South, The North, The Negro" The Richmond Collegian XXVI, (March 8, 1940): 2. <a href="http://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&d=COL19400308.2.18&srpos=7&e=--1920---2010--en-50--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank">http://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&d=COL19400308.2.18&srpos=7&e=--1920---2010--en-50--1--txt-txIN-</a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/c70a6dde17cc087ed08c29b5a9edbe97.pdf f89aefdec442430c25e958afd1a9213f Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Dom Harrington Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter and reply from Robert A. Moore to the Dean of Admissions Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moore, Robert A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952-12-08 1952-12-17 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Description An account of the resource Robert A. Moore, a student at the College of the Pacific, was writing to the Dean of Admissions for a Race Relations course on December 8, 1952. He inquired about whether or not the University of Richmond accepted black students, how long they had done so or if they didn't, if they could picture integration in the University's future. The Secretary to the President responded by stating that the University of Richmond did not accept black students, and did not see integration in the University's immediate future. Subject The topic of the resource Race relations Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.3.7.2-19521208.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from Robert A. Moore to the Dean of Admissions, 8 December 1952; 17 December 1952, RG 6.2.4.3 Box 7 Folder 2, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/5098b5cbff36edf81cd10e95fda408a0.jpg a055d84be29f41f2c27d87325c056bff Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Maryam Tahseen Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Westhampton College Catalogue 1971 "History" Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Westhampton College, University of Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource curricula Description An account of the resource One of the courses taught by the History department in 1971 was titled "History of the Civil War and Reconstruction." According to the course description, the course would "focus on slavery and the sectional controversy, secession and the war, and the political, economic, and social problems of Reconstruction." Subject The topic of the resource Curricula History United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865 Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877) Slavery Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context WCCourseCatalogue.94-1971.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Virginia Baptist Historical Society, Westhampton College Course Catalogue (1971-1972): 94. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/7501ac1a87245498e06762b2f81d6cd7.pdf 8244266f4df28ae252b43554f6a35a33 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moore, T. Justin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-12-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource correspondence Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a letter from T. Justin Moore, a University of Richmond trustee and alumnus, to Homer A. Holt that was sent on December 8, 1955. Moore wrote to Holt regarding the American Law School Association’s discrimination report. University President George M. Modlin attended a meeting of college and university presidents and talked to them about the report: "it was the consensus of opinion that it would be inadvisable for us to undertake to organize a campaign prior to the meeting in Chicago…but that the fourteen Southern Schools now directly affected should have representatives at the meeting and the Deans of the Law Schools should make a vigorous fight on the floor and in personal conferences with other friends in an effort to defeat the resolutions." Moore asked for Holt’s help in defeating the resolutions. He also pointed out that in the Committee report "there will be no way whereby a negro who claims he has been discriminated against can obtain any action from the American Law School Association…unless the Dean of the Law School certifies that the negro was refused admission solely on the basis of race," so if this interpretation was correct, they had a "considerable area in which to operate and yet keep most of the negroes out." Subject The topic of the resource Alumni and alumnae Association of American Law Schools College integration College trustees Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551208.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Letter from T. Justin Moore to Homer A. Holt, 8 December 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/6d2aee79e509b22d89db9f2ef824051a.pdf edbb7f53152a8a36994f1ade0853c2cc Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-10-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a report titled "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report outlined the Association’s new policies on equal opportunity in legal education and the consequences member schools may face if they did not comply. At the Association’s 1950 meeting, it resolved that it "‘opposes the continued maintenance of segregation or discrimination in legal education on racial grounds, and asserts its belief that it is the professional duty of all member schools to abolish any such practices at the earliest possible time.’" This report was the result of that resolution. At the time of its publication, "sixteen member schools have not yet admitted Negro students or announced a readiness to admit them," which the Association found "disappointing" especially considering the Association’s adoption of an amendment to its Articles of Association and Brown v. Board of Education. The Association’s amendment stated that one of its objectives was "‘Equality of opportunity in legal education without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race or color.’" After Brown v. Board, only a few schools had desegregated; the Association’s Special Committee was doubtful that integration would occur "‘if the Association engages only in exhortation and watchful waiting, and the need for action of a more positive character by the Association will therefore have to be considered.’"In the report, the Association made it clear that continued membership in the Association was contingent on compliance with the new objective. The Association also acknowledged that "Law and its procedures have been used in countless ways as the instrumentalities of discrimination" but "our law has become an agency of emancipation and correction." The report claimed that segregation in law schools is ironic because now "it is the law that is being invoked to end segregation in education." Opponents to the Association’s sanctions argued that the Association "may encourage, but should not require, conformity with the ideals of a majority of its members." They also addressed other oppositional viewpoints, such as public institutions that refuse to comply and schools experiencing "humiliation" by admitting a black student.The report proposed the following amendments: The Committee’s Specific Case Approach, The Nature of the Sanction, The Conditions to the Proposed Sanctions Operation, The Authority to Defer Action, Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools, and Reports of Non-Compliance. The Committee’s Specific Case Approach called for equal opportunity in legal education and denounced "discriminatory denials of admission," which was the "most important barrier to equal opportunity." It also stated that schools that did not comply would be excluded from membership in the Association. Schools that denied a black applicant—not schools that did not have any black applicants—would be excluded from membership. The Nature of the Sanction called for amending the Articles of Association to add the new sanctions. The Conditions to the Proposed Sanction’s Operation acknowledged that "Negro applicants may sometimes in fact be handicapped in meeting [admissions standards] by inadequate prior education" and that some institutions may put admissions standards in place that may be impossible for black applicants to meet; it called for an investigation if the Association found that a school denied admission based solely on race or color. The Authority to Defer Action permitted the Committee "to defer temporarily a recommendation to the Association that the discriminating school be excluded" as a "precaution against cutting off opportunities for constructive action by member schools." Action by the Association in Excluding and Reinstating Schools described the exclusion and reinstatement processes. Reports of Noncompliance called for a system of reporting compliance with the Association’s standards and requirements. Subject The topic of the resource Anti-racism Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551024.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/f38b664a145e84835dd11a86411ab939.jpg 81ccff8cbe46fea9d953853b428a6079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ribble, F. D. G. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-10-24 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document, "Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School," was attached to the end of "Report of Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955." In this document, Ribble acknowledged that the Committee’s proposal was "excellent" but that the Association should "postpone the use of [its power of expulsion]." At non-complying schools, there was strong opposition to compliance from the public; if a court ordered desegregation, he wrote, then the "bitter and punishing opposition" may decrease or disappear. Non-complying schools would integrate if they could. Expulsion from the Association would be detrimental to the professors at non-compliant institutions. In addition, he wanted to wait until the incoming President of the Association of American Law Schools took his position since he was from the University of North Carolina and was more familiar with the problems facing non-complying schools. Subject The topic of the resource Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16-19551024.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Statement of the Dissenting Views of Dean F. D. G. Ribble of the University of Virginia Law School, 24 Oct 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/73d5cb635b2fba3a2a4ad71b17320187.pdf 9dd714bf35dd3d0223ed14176feeacfd Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Desegregation in Higher Education" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-02-13 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This report, "Desegregation in Higher Education," was written on February 13, 1963—nearly ten years after the Brown v. Board decision—by the Southern Regional Council. It included a list of "formerly all-white colleges and universities of the 17 southern and border states and the District of Columbia which we know to be desegregated." The number of desegregated institutions had increased by 30% since 1961. Some of the schools in the report only allowed black students to enroll in their graduate and professional programs, and in other schools, there were not any black students enrolled but they have "statements of their governing boards indicate an official policy of admission without regard to race, or they are under court order." There are a variety of public and non-public schools of differing denominations listed on this report; however, the University of Richmond is not included in this document. Subject The topic of the resource College integration College students, Black College students, White Discrimination Education, Higher Race relations Religion Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.29.13-19630213.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Report of Desegregation in Higher Education, 13 Feb 1963, RG 6.2.4 box 29 folder 13, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/d54d723c5b3f766e52fd3f43983316ab.pdf eb11fe4014a74c1a4ff0243e983edec6 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Karissa Lim Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955-09-08 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource administrative reports Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) Description An account of the resource This document is a report entitled "Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption)" written by the Association of American Law Schools. The report was attached to a letter from David F. Cavers, Associate Dean and Professor of Law of Harvard Law School and Chairman of Special Committee for the Association of American Law Schools, to William T. Muse, Dean of the T. C. Williams School of Law, and Cavers asked Muse for any comments and criticisms in regards to the report. The Special Committee met with member schools after the Brown v. Board of Education decision to discuss their anti-discrimination policy; all but one member school attended, which may be in reference to Homer A. Holt’s memorandum sent on September 8, 1955. On the encouraging side, one major private institution in the South decided to admit black students into its law program and there were two state universities that were likely to do the same; in addition, faculties and student bodies at law schools seemed ready to welcome black students. However, the public was becoming increasingly resistant to integration, private institutions were worried that financial contributions would decrease if they admitted black students, some believed the Association’s intervention would be ineffective. The report included a draft proposal that detailed the proposed amendment, consequences for members who did not follow the new policy, and resolutions. Subject The topic of the resource Anti-racism Association of American Law Schools Brown v. Board College integration Discrimination Education, Higher Law schools Race relations Racism Segregation Southern States Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UA6.2.4.22.16a-19550908.pdf Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Interim Report by the Special Committee on Racial Discrimination for 1955 (without Recommendation for or against its Adoption), 8 Sept 1955, RG 6.2.4 box 22 folder 16, University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/9314e71ffd61c16a73dbdc8b77ab5d48.jpg 99667f7cb510b89160ca78eb87d33504 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Collin Kavanaugh Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Article "Tour Of Penal Institution Reveals Much To Be Done" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Winders, Jim Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Collegian, University of Richmond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-12-11 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource newspapers Description An account of the resource Jim Winders’ article expresses significant discontent with the information he has researched in regards to the prison penal system. Winders chose to write the piece following a tour of the Virginia State Penitentiary sponsored by the Department of Psychology and reading Philip Hirschkop and M.A. Milleman’s article in the Virginia Law Review “Unconstitutionality of Prison Life”. Winders outlines the barbaric and racially segregated conditions of the state penitentiaries, discussing various prison realities like work gang segregation and “writ-writers”. “Writ-writers” are inmates who write on behalf of illiterate inmates, often in response to claims of prison abuse. Nothing positive comes from these letters however, as the Director of the Department of Welfare and Institutions, Otis L. Brown testified that he never speaks to individual prisoners and prefers to speak with superintendents in matters of prison abuse. Two “writ-writers” by the name of Robert Landman and Calvin Arey were even punished for writing letters on behalf of abused inmates to state Senator Henry Howell. Winders’ writes that this trend of punishment for speaking out is common, and Leroy Mason and Thomas Wansley faced similar punishments for speaking out against chain gang segregation. He additionally outlines a torture device known as the “Tucker Phone” which was used in Arkansas prisons which electrocutes the genitals and feet of inmates. Winder asserts that the general policy of the civil system in response to these allegations of abuse is non-intervention, although some cases like that of Weems v. The United States (1910) did seek to extend Eighth Amendment protections to prisoners. Subject The topic of the resource Imprisonment Prison discipline Racism Southern States Black people Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context CollegianLVIII.12.2-19701211.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Winders, Jim. "Tour Of Penal Institution Reveals Much To Be Done." The University of Richmond Collegian LVIII, no. 12 (December 11, 1970): 2. <a href="https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&d=COL19701211.2.12&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-" target="_blank">https://collegian.richmond.edu/cgi-bin/richmond?a=d&d=COL19701211.2.12&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-</a> Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.) https://memory.richmond.edu/files/original/eed3762ca6838938d415480d1466fb0f.jpg 75fdff786ddd7d2712c210c93f4efc49 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Student Contributor Kirsten Avila Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Article "Dispel Image, HEW Tells UR" Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Richmond News Leader Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-05 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource newspapers Description An account of the resource This article explains a message from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to the University of Richmond that the school "still projects an image of exclusive all-white 'Southern' institution." UR was the largest privately supported university in the state of Virginia. Regional director of HEW Dr. Eloise Severinson suggested that involving African Americans into all phases of the University (students, faculty, and board of trustees) would help remove the image of an all white institution. HEW had asked the Virginia Governor Holton to create a college desegregation plan, however, only state-supported colleges would need to abide. Dr. Modlin has refused to comment on the HEW remarks and Dr. Severinson had requested a reply regarding HEW's non-discriminatory recommendations by October 1. At the time, UR had 4,000 students at the university, with six black students enrolled at Richmond College, and had hired one black teacher at Richmond College and one at University College (referred to as the West End branch in the article). Subject The topic of the resource College integration College presidents College students, Black Southern States United States. Civil Rights Act of 1964 United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare University College Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NL6.2.5.25.3-19701005.jpg Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Dispel Image, HEW Tells UR." The Richmond News Leader (5 October 1970), RG 6.2.5 Box 25 Folder 3 "US Government HEW "Civil Rights" 1970 to 1971," University Archives, Virginia Baptist Historical Society. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond (Va.)